电子游戏是否是艺术？

“电子游戏之为艺术”是游戏哲学研究的核心议题，该议题牵涉到电子游戏定义、 艺术定义、艺术分类等多个方面。本文从电子游戏定义、艺术定义、艺术分类等维度对该议题进行讨论。笔者首先回顾了关于电子游戏之为艺术的主要争论，以及对“功利性难题”对解决方案。这些争论包括 Smuts, Tavinor, Lopes等支持者以及 Ebert, Jones, Rough等反对者的主要观点。由于电子游戏中游戏元素和美学元素中存在张力与冲突， 支持者面临功利性难题，所谓功利性难题指的是：有一些游戏（功利性）元素（如目标、手段、竞争等）削弱了电子游戏的艺术性及艺术地位。 Tavinor, Juul 和 Ngugen 等学者对该问题提供了解决思路，但都存在一定的问题。在第二部分，笔者尝试提出一个关于电子游戏的新的定义。在过去，电子游戏的定义大都是“描述性”的，找寻其充分必要条件，这种描述性定义包括本质主义和非本质主义两种方式。在本文中， 我们提出了 “规范性 ”定义方式，这种定义方式基于概念工程 (conceptual engineering)。概念工程旨在讨论概念应该是什么，而非事实是什么，非找寻一个概念的充分必要条件。我们认为，应该对电子游戏以这种规范性的方式进行调整，这可以解决一些社会问题，尤其是社会上一些对电子游戏群体的偏见。在第三部分，笔者试图论证电子游戏是艺术。电子游戏同时包含美学和游戏元素，在电子游戏是否是艺术的争论中，反对观点常常忽视电子游戏的多元性。这导致了功利性难题。在本文中， 我们论证电子游戏是多元的，呈现出维特根斯坦意义上的家族相似性。也就是说，就像绘画一样，电子游戏的艺术性是有程度之分的。确定某个游戏是不是艺术是一个经验性问题，我们需要根据个案进行评估。根据美学和游戏元素的张力大小，笔者提出了一个原创性的框架，将电子游戏分成三个等级：（美学上的）高级、中级和低级。 这种分类方式不仅可以消解功利性难题，还可以判别某个电子游戏的艺术程度以及它是否是艺术。在最后，我们讨论电子游戏之艺术分类问题，电子游戏常常被纳入电影、 电脑艺术、交互性虚构(interactive fiction)等范畴，本文试图论证电子游戏属于一种新的艺术形式。

“Whether Videogames Are Art” Is A Central Topic Of Study Of Game Philosophy. This Topic Is Closely Related To Issues Of Definitions Of Videogames, The Nature Of Art, And The Category Of Art. This Paper Aims To Investigate The Topic Of “Whether Videogames Are Art” From Three Aspects: What Is The Videogame, What Is Art, And The Category Of Art. In Section 1, We Review The Debate Of Videogames As Art And The Solutions To The “Interest Problem”. Section 2 Investigates The Definitions Of Videogames. The Concept Of The Videogame Is Usually Defined In A Descriptive Way Including Essential And Anti-Essential Approaches. In This Paper, We Originally Propose A Normative Approach To Define The Videogame According To Conceptual Engineering. We Try Discussing What The Concept Should Be Rather Than Its Sufficient And Necessary Conditions. We Hold The Concept Of The Videogame Should Be Ameliorated In This Way Because It Can Deal With Some Social Issues Especially Social Prejudice To The Videogame Group. Our Conclusion Is That The Videogame Should Be Defined As Multi-Function And Value Neutral. In Section 3, We Try To Argue That Videogames Are Art. Videogames Contain Both Aesthetic And Gaming Elements. In The Debate Over Whether Videogames Are Art, Opposing Views Often Seem To Try To Answer The Question A Priori, Overlooking The Diversity Of Videogames. This Leads To The Interest Problem. In This Paper, We Argue That Videogames Are Not Uniform But Vary Greatly, While Sharing Family Resemblances In The Wittgensteinian Sense. That Is, Videogames Are Art By Degree, Just Like Paintings. Deciding Whether Videogames Are Art Is Empirically Possible, And We Need To Evaluate Them Case By Case. In Terms Of Tensions Between Aesthetic And Gaming Elements, Videogames Can Be Classified In Three Ways: High, Middle, And Low. This Classification Not Only Lessens The “Interest” Difficulty, Making The Judgment Of Whether Videogames Are Art But Also Identifies Which Videogames Are Typical Art. In Addition, We Propose A Normative Definition Of Videogames In The Second Section. The Section 4 Discusses The Art Category Of Videogames, Videogames Are Categorized As Movies, Computer Games, Interactive Fiction, Etc. We Try To Argue That Videogames Are A New Form Of Art.